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Radar battle of the beams and telemetry


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Beams

Reading the free pdfs on this next link provides a better insight into german radar as some subjects can be found in english but some are still to be translated into english

http://www.radarworld.org/books.html

http://www.radarworld.org/index.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_radar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j& ... 6w&cad=rja

Aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space it also contained instrumentation for measuring solar radiation and cosmic rays

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation

Wireless telemetry made early appearances in the radiosonde, developed concurrently in 1930 by Robert Bureau in France and Pavel Molchanov in Russia. Mochanov's system modulated temperature and pressure measurements by converting them to wireless Morse code. The German V-2 rocket used a system of primitive multiplexed radio signals called "Messina" to report four rocket parameters, but it was so unreliable that Wernher von Braun once claimed it was more useful to watch the rocket through binoculars. In the US and the USSR, the Messina system was quickly replaced with better systems (in both cases, based on pulse-position modulation).

Early Soviet missile and space telemetry systems which were developed in the late 1940s used either pulse-position modulation (e.g., the Tral telemetry system developed by OKB-MEI) or pulse-duration modulation (e.g., the RTS-5 system developed by NII-885). In the US early work employed similar systems, but were later replaced by pulse-code modulation (PCM) (for example, in the Mars probe Mariner 4). Later Soviet interplanetary probes used redundant radio systems, transmitting telemetry by PCM on a decimeter band and PPM on a centimeter band.

Meteorology

Telemetry has been used by weather balloons for transmitting meteorological data since 1920.

Space science

Telemetry is used by manned or unmanned spacecraft for data transmission. Distances of more than 10 billion kilometres have been covered, e.g. by Voyager 1.

Rocketry

In rocketry, telemetry equipment forms an integral part of the rocket range assets used to monitor the progress of a rocket launch. Problems include the extreme environment (temperature, acceleration and vibration), the energy supply, antenna alignment and (at long distances, e.g. in spaceflight) signal travel time.

Flight testing

Flight test programs typically monitor data collected from on-board flight test instrumentation over a PCM/RF link. This data is analyzed in real time for safety reasons and to provide feedback to the test pilot. Challenges to telemetering this data include fading, multipath propagation and the Doppler effect. The bandwidth of the telemetry link is often insufficient to transfer all data acquired; therefore, a limited set is sent to earth for real-time processing while an on-board recorder ensures the full data set is available for post-flight analysis

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